With the development of generative AI and the launch of GPT-3 in 2020, followed above all by ChatGPT at the end of 2022, a new way of interacting with information systems and computer terminals emerged: "prompting." For the first time in all of human history, it is now possible to converse fluidly with a machine, to query it in natural language on virtually any subject, or to ask it to generate texts almost instantaneously, and of a quality that most of us would be hard press

In an article published in Le Monde  on September 3, 2022, Élisa Thévenet, editor-in-chief of Futur  magazine, recalls the role that science fiction literature has played in the widespread fascination we observe today with artificial intelligences potentially endowed with consciousness. This is, in a certain way, what the LaMDA affair brought back into focus, following the publication by a Google engineer, Blake Lemoine, of exchanges he claimed to have had with the conversati

The developers of generative AI models . – Alongside the major historical players of the digital economy—Google, Microsoft, Amazon, Meta, Nvidia, Apple—on whom they partly depend from an infrastructural, financial, and commercial standpoint—inasmuch as the latter control critical technologies (infrastructure and compute power), provide capital, and act as distribution channels—the generative AI sector includes a set of specialized developers whose core activity consists in de

The Historical Giants of the Digital Industry.  — With the exception of Nvidia, a company that remained relatively unknown to the general public before the spectacular rise of generative artificial intelligence, the principal actors currently dominating this sector are the large historical firms that emerged from the digital revolution of the 1990s and 2000s. What they share is a long-standing and structuring presence across several key digital markets, as well as the capacit

Value chain or ecosystem . - November 30, 2022 marks an important date in the history of AI with the launch of ChatGPT-3. One week later, in its December 6 edition, the newspaper Le Monde  referred to “a small company in San Francisco”—OpenAI—which had already caused a sensation a few months earlier with DALL-E 2, an AI model capable of generating ultra-realistic images from simple textual descriptions. While some were already worried about the conversational robot’s potentia

On January 8, 2025, the fifth edition of the Future of Jobs  report was released. Published every two years, its purpose is to track major technological, economic, and social trends in order to anticipate the global evolution of the labor market. The 2025 edition thus offers a comprehensive view of the economic, technological, geopolitical, and demographic trends that shape and will shape the global labor market over the 2025–2030 horizon; the occupations that are growing and

On June 16, 2023, a research document entitled TASRA: A Taxonomy and Analysis of Societal-Scale Risks from AI  was published on the arXiv website, written by Andrew Critch and Stuart Russell, two researchers specializing in AI. Stuart Russell is moreover the co-author, with Peter Norvig, of the world reference textbook in artificial intelligence used by students wishing to undertake an in-depth initiation into the discipline. In a context where AI-related extinction risks (or

At a time when artificial intelligence is entering every domain of social life, the deployment of autonomous cars offers a privileged terrain for examining some of the most fundamental questions in the ethics of artificial intelligence. These are the questions addressed by Jean-François Bonnefon’s book La voiture qui en savait trop. L’intelligence artificielle a-t-elle une morale ?  (Éditions HumenSciences – 2019). A PhD in cognitive psychology, the author is Research Directo

In the chapter of his book AI: Replacement or Complementarity?  devoted to the impact of artificial intelligence on employment and the labor market, Luc Ferry clearly summarizes the terms of the debate. It actually takes the form of two antinomies — or more precisely two theses that confront one another in the Kantian sense — which do not operate on the same level of analysis. On the one hand, there is a question of fact: are we, or are we not, moving toward the end of wage l

Among the central questions in AI ethics are those concerning the ecological consequences it entails. Current research focuses primarily on evaluating Machine Learning and Deep Learning systems—often grouped under the label of connectionist AI, as opposed to symbolic AI. The design and deployment of large models rely on massive volumes of data (Big Data) and considerable computing resources, leading to undeniable environmental impacts. The computing power required to train su

The term "applied ethics" emerged in the United States during the 1960s. It was only from the 1970s onward, however, that philosophical ethics underwent a shift in its research orientation and gradually moved from a theoretical and speculative ethics centered on the semantic and epistemological analysis of ethical discourse (what is called "metaethics"), to a more concrete and sectoral ethics, more focused on the moral implications brought about by certain developments in the

Italian philosopher Luciano Floridi, widely recognized for his work in information ethics and the philosophy of technology, is also one of the leading figures in contemporary reflections on artificial intelligence ethics. The second part of his book The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence  (French edition published in 2023), entitled “Assessing AI,”  contains ten chapters that offer, in his own words, “an analysis of some of the most urgent questions raised by the ethics of art

A new grail is driving the ambitions of tech giants: the creation of a new type of software known as “AI agents,” capable of carrying out actions in order to achieve defined objectives. They are distinguished by their ability to reason, learn, adapt, decide, and plan actions autonomously. They are also able to collaborate with one another to coordinate and execute workflows, that is, organized sequences of tasks or actions of varying complexity. They can be deployed across ma

In his TED talk delivered in Germany in December 2017, Daniel Susskind, a professor and researcher in economics at King’s College London, offers a reflection on the profound transformations that robotics and artificial intelligence will bring to bear on work, employment, and society. The author of several books, including A World Without Work  (Flammarion, 2023), in which he considers the end of work and the advent of a state-regulated leisure society, Susskind more broadly a